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These results indicate that NO2, which was formed secondarily by oxidants, was further oxidized by HO radicals and formed HNO3 just before the formation of UHR, which was subsequently scavenged by UHR. The level of air pollutants, such as NO2, SO2, and potential ozone, in the ambient air increased just before the formation of UHR and decreased sharply at the end of the UHR event. Hourly rainfall amounts and wet deposition fluxes of acidic components (the sum of H⁺, NH4⁺, NO3⁻, and nonsea-salt SO4²⁻) in UHR were 13.1 and 17.8 times larger than those in normal rainfall, respectively, indicating that large amount of air pollutants were scavenged and deposited by UHR with large amounts of rainfall. In order to clarify the impact of air pollution on the formation of sudden and locally distributed heavy rain in urban areas (hereafter UHR = urban-induced heavy rain), we analyzed inorganic ions in rainwater samples collected on an event basis over 5 years from October 2012 to December 2016 in Shinjuku, Tokyo.

Keywords: disaster, weather radar, polarimetric radar, X-Band, rainfall Case studies on X-Band Polarimetric radar applications are included to identify the information needed for utilisation of the X-Band Polarimetric radar in Malaysia.

Under such circumstances, the current status of rainfall monitoring systems and weather forecast applications in Malaysia was reviewed, especially focused on the characteristics of weather radars of different bands, through the systematic review approach. Meanwhile, the Department of Irrigation and Drainage of Malaysia uses network of the rain gauges for monitoring the rainfall at the ground level and issues an alert or warning regarding the hazard. Meteorological Department of Malaysia is effectively using C-Band and S-Band radars for weather forecast and warning. However, the application of this weather radar is still limited in developing countries such as Malaysia. Recently X-Band Polarimetric radar technology has been developed and investigated by several countries such as Japan and the USA for the disaster preparedness application. The rainfall monitoring has been typically done by rainfall gauges for many years, but since mid-20th century, radar technologies have also been applied for rainfall monitoring. Monitoring of rainfall is one of the main issues to be addressed for avoidance or mitigation of such disasters. Rainfall is one of the major causes of natural disasters such as flood, landslide, debris flow and flash flood. Index Terms: rainfall monitoring, system integration, web-based, X-Band MP. Based on the outcome of this study, a web-based system framework is proposed and the prototype of the proposed system will be developed. Those requirements represent the whole concept of the X-Band MP radar system for Malaysia. Through the systematic approach, three requirements for the proposed architecture are identified, which are the source of rainfall data, the technology involved in the system development and the features of the web-based system. This paper is aimed to recognize the requirements of a web-based framework for the rainfall estimation system by using X-Band MP radar. With the emerging Internet technologies, many web-based systems are used as a fundamental platform for gathering, processing and delivering the data or information in many fields. This needs the dissemination of rainfall radar data and information for developing the methods, models, and applications. The application of X-Band Polarimetric radar (X-Band MP radar) is very effective in disaster risk management which can help professionals, researchers, private and government agencies to take action for rainfall-related disaster preparedness and prevention activities.